The obesity is growing worldwide and specifically in Europe : levels of obesity in men and women in the continent has tripled in just one year , until reaching an almost similar extent in the United States , according to results a recent survey published by the Community Statistical Office (Eurostat).

In the case of women , the proportion has risen from 8 percent in 2008 to 23, 9 percent in 2009 , while that of men rose from 7, 6 to 24 percent, 7 percent in countries of the EU. The figures for the United States in that year were 26, 8 percent in the first group, and 27, 6 percent in the second.

On the side of Spain , the scenario is a little more ‘balanced’ compared to EU average: a 14, 4 percent of females are obese and 17 percent of men.

Countries with higher rates of overweight are Estonia , Latvia, Malta and United Kingdom -the latter is achieved by 23, 9 percent of women-while those with lower rates of overweight are Romania, Italy and Bulgaria , the three with percentages below 12 percent.

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Europe
In general, the whole EU, the population group with the highest rate of body mass are people over 65 years . Particularly in Spain, this age group accounts for almost 27 percent of total obesity in women and 24 percent in men .

Another fact observed in this report is that the level of obesity is inversely proportional to the studies of people: that is, the more academic level has less proportion of obesity there.

In Spain, for instance, only 6 percent of college women are overweight, while in the case of those who have not attended or have left the university, the percentage climbs to 21, 2 percent.

In men think of something similar: 21 percent are obese in the case of low levels of education, while only 12, it is 8 percent among graduate students.

Handmade liquid soap.
For personal use or for washing clothes. As with the tablets of soap, a homemade liquid cleaner is a simple practice, ecological and economic, as it is made ​​from solid soap scum or fat plants and animals. Another common ingredient is sodium hydroxide. However, if used, must be done with caution, because if the mixture is not done properly it could generate an uncontrolled exothermic reaction, similar to a small explosion.

Make soap for personal hygiene
One way to develop ecological and economical liquid soap is to exploit the remnants of toilet soap. To do this, you only need one liter of distilled water, a cup of soap scum and a tablespoon of pure glycerin. These basic ingredients can be added a few drops of aromatic oil, dye or foam additive.

To prepare the soap is poured water into a glass or earthenware bowl, never metal, and placed it over a pan of water. Then, add the chopped soap scum or shredded and placed in a water bath.

This mixture is stirred constantly with a stick or a wooden spoon to dilute the soap, leaving a homogeneous mass. Once dissolved, remove the pan from the heat and add the glycerin and food coloring or dye chosen. After mixing well with other ingredients, add the aromatic oil. Mix again and allow to cool.

For packaging and preservation, the best option is to use a bottle with dispenser, to facilitate later use. It is convenient to put a label on the package and indicate on it the type of product and its date of manufacture and expiry, which is generally six months.

Liquid soap for washing
The homemade soap is not limited to liquid or pill grooming. It is also possible to develop craft and ecological form a liquid detergent for washing clothes.

For manufacturing, you need 1 liter of concentrated dishwasher, another liter of cooking oil, 1 scoop of laundering activity, a dose of fabric softener, 250 grams of sodium hydroxide and about 14 liters of water.

After pouring 10 liters of water in a bucket or container (not to be metal) of about 25 liters, is added and diluted caustic soda very carefully, in order, first soda water and then because of the otherwise it may give an uncontrolled exothermic reaction, similar to a small explosion. It should also work in a room ventilated and wear gloves and goggles, because when mixed with water, the sodium hydroxide shows a lot of heat (about 80 º), which can cause burns and damage to eyes and skin.

Then, gradually add the used oil and stir the mixture with a spoon or a wooden stick until it is homogeneous paste is obtained whitish. Add the scoop of washing and fabric softener dose, mix all ingredients and stir with wooden spoon and let stand 24 hours. After this time the mixture was added to 2 liters of warm water and, after stir well, let stand another 24 hours. Finally, pour another 2 liters of warm water, mix the product well and let stand for 3 or 4 weeks to produce the chemical reaction between the sodium and fat.

Pesticide applications for prohibition and severe restriction

The use of pesticides creates a series of environmental problems. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than sought, including plant and animal species, air, water, sediments of rivers and seas and food

The use of pesticides creates a series of problems for the environment . Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than sought, including plant and animal species, air, water, sediments of rivers and seas and food.

Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended particles in the air are carried by wind to other areas and can become contaminated. Pesticides are one of the main causes of water pollution and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants that contribute to air pollution.

In addition, pesticide use reduces biodiversity, reduces nitrogen fixation, contributing to the decline of pollinators (reduction of pollinators in many ecosystems, from the late 20) destroys habitats (especially birds), and threatened species danger of extinction.

It also happens that some pests adapt to pesticides and do not die. What is called resistance to pesticides, to eliminate the offspring of this plague, will require a new pesticide or increasing the dose of pesticide. This will cause a worsening of the problem of environmental pollution.

According to WHO data, about 100,000 people die each year from pesticide use and 200,000 are acutely intoxicated by its use in agriculture and livestock.

Although for the general public, as consumers of agricultural products, the risks of health consequences from the use of pesticides are very low, provided that the conditions of application and removal of waste has been properly fulfilled, for workers manufacture, transport and application as well as for farmers, especially the third world and intensive farming, the risk is very large .

APPLICATION TO PESTICIDE BAN.

1.-Lindane, an organochlorine insecticide. Moderately toxic to acute effects, with an LD50 oral and dermal 76-500, acts by contact and ingestion.

IARC classification: Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic. (**)

Used in agriculture and in the control of lice. Damn It belongs to the Dozen.

Trade Names: Lindafor 90, Banzai 40 D.

Importers: Rhone Poulenc, Anasac

Weakness: Not applicable

Acute: Irritant. Hyperesthesia and paresthesia in the face and extremities. Hyperexcitability and seizures, dizziness, vertigo, incoordination, tremors and mental confusion, nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, weakness, twitching muscles, difficulty breathing. In the most severe myoclonic contractions are followed by generalized tonic-clonic seizures, indistinguishable from the original seizure, coma and respiratory depression. In January l989 in Linares one child died and another 5 children were seriously injured by lindane poisoning.

Chronic Effects: High risk to human health. Produces cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. Rhinitis, eczema, conjunctivitis. This tested their effects on the skin as skin sensitization, allergic reaction and rash. Interferes with male fertility, atrophied testicles, reduced sperm production and testicular weight in rats. Liver cancer tumors in laboratory animals. Associated with brain cancer and aplastic anemia. Studies Recent epidemiological (1995) reported by the Cancer Prevention Coalition (CPC) of the United States, establish an association between use shampoo of lindane and brain cancer in children. It is a proven carcinogen in animals and embryotoxin, causing damage to the nervous system of humans and animals. Proven teratogenic effects in laboratory animals; fetotoxicity. Mutagenic effects could occur, causing chromosomal aberrations in cultured leukocytes. Environmental estrogen, may cause alterations in the reproductive and endocrine systems.

Environmental effects: adverse effects on the environment. Its high bioconcentration factor leads to biomagnification in the food chain. Impurities is also persistent in the environment. Highly toxic to aquatic organisms such as fish and crustaceans. Toxic to bees. As a persistent chemical, evaporates quickly in hot areas then deposited in polar regions, an effect of “distillation.” Lindane can be found at distances of 5 kilometers from the application area. In Tokyo rainwater was found at concentrations of 29-398 ng / l in drinking water and industrial effluent Europe and USA. Can also be detected in soils in many parts of the world, even in polar regions where it has never been used. Bioaccumulates in fish, birds, marine mammals and through the food chain comes to humans.

Banned in Finland, Norway, Indonesia, Korea, Germany, Argentina ***, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Colombia , Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador , USA, Netherlands, Hungary, Japan. Liechtenstein, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Portugal, Singapore, Thailandia, Yugoslavia.

Restricted to: Australia , Austria, Cyprus, Sri Lanka , Kenya, Mexico, Turkey.

Suspended in: Sweden since 1988 for health reasons (associated with carcinogenicity) and environmental (high persistence makes it environmentally unacceptable). Banned in Norway for its high persistence in the environment and its undesired potential evaporation and dispersion.

Withdrawn by the producing company in Canada.

Listed PCI FAO in 1997.

(**) International Agency for Research on Cancer . International Agency for Research on Cancer.

*** Not for use in agriculture and livestock.

2.-PARAQUAT: Herbicide dipyridyl, contact, highly toxic with oral LD50 and dermal l00 236, defoliant, plant growth regulator. Damn It belongs to the Dozen.

Trade Names: Gramoxone, Paraquat Plus, Pillarzone

Importers: Anasac, BASF, Azufres Landia, Apumanque

Normal: 30 days

Acute Effects: Headache, tremors, diarrhea , respiratory failure, high acute toxicity and irreversible effects on the lungs and kidneys. Causes the development of edema and pulmonary fibrosis. It also affects the cardiovascular system. A teaspoon can be fatal. There is no known antidote for poisoning. They are also risky skin penetration, inhalation and absorption through wounds.

Chronic Effects: Potential carcinogenic and mutagenic activity. Neurotoxic effects. Causes alterations in reproductive function, reduced sperm production rate and increases the number of pathogenic esparmática production. This shown to cause skin effects such as contact dermatitis. Prolonged contact can cause skin ulcers, increasing the power of absorption, which eventually cause death. Due to prolonged inhalation may cause nosebleeds spraying. The eye contamination can damage the cornea and cause blindness.

Environmental Effects: Highly toxic and highly persistent in the environment, for this reason has been banned for use in agriculture in many countries. In the environment contaminates groundwater. Moderately toxic to birds and fish influences on reproduction of birds and studies show mutagenic effects in plants.

Banned in Finland, Norway, Soviet Union, Sweden

Restricted: Uruguay, Germany, Hungary, Israel, New Zealand, Bangladesh, Philippines, United States

3.-Parathion: extremely toxic organophosphate insecticide with oral LD50 dermal 2 and 7. It acts by contact, ingestion and penetration. Damn It belongs to the Dozen.

Trade name: Parathion 80 EC,

Importers: Hoechst, Bayer, Anasac.

Weakness: l2 to l4 days

Acute effects: irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor. Slurred speech, bradycardia, loss of consciousness and normal reflexes to convulsions and coma, respiratory paralysis, muscle, particularly affecting the respiratory system. 80% of pesticide poisonings in Central America and half of agrochemical poisonings worldwide are due to Parathion. In Chile, is among the pesticides that cause the greatest number of reported acute poisonings. The EPA says there is no margin of safety in use. The World Bank recommends not using it. In March l986 in the Andes one child died and another was severe organophosphate insecticide. Then in January l988 in 32 young women Paine poisoned Parathion.

Chronic: Possible carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic, causes degeneration of the sciatic nerve and embryotoxic effects in laboratory animals tested. Negative effects on reproduction, affecting sperm cells. Testosterone inhibits the league with its receptor protein in mice reduces the ability of sperm to fertilize eggs. Immune system depressant.

Environmental effects. Dangerous for domestic and wild animals. Toxic to bees, fish and birds. Mutagenic effects in plants.

Banned in Argentina, Mexico, Bulgaria, Belize, China, former East Germany, Ecuador, Hungary, India, Sri Lanka, Norway, Philippines, former Soviet Union, Sweden, Turkey, Yugoslavia.

Restricted: Denmark, Finland, Britain, Isreael, Japan, New Zealand.

Included in the PCI procedure FAO / UNEP, 1997

4 .- PENTACHLOROPHENOL: Fungicide clorofenóxico highly toxic with oral LD50 dermal 27 and 50. Wood preservative and defoliant. Highly toxic impurities.

Classified by the EU as a Human Carcinogen (Cat.3)

Trade Names: Penta, Maxipon, Supermontana, Madison.

Importers: Oxiquin, Coral, H. Quimetal.

Acute Effects: Irritating to eyes, mucous membranes, skin burns. Vomiting, diarrhea , increased heart rate, muscle cramps , seizures. May be fatal if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Cause of death: respiratory failure. Some of his affections are attributed to acute contaminants in the production process such as dioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans. On February 29, 1996, in the Maule region of a 16-year-old temporary employee give a lumber company, dies after performing tasks and bathed mix of wood without protection.

Chronic Effects: proven immune system depressant and neurotoxic. Damage to the liver, kidneys and nervous system, blood disorders. Carcinogenic to contact chlorinated dioxins and furans in experimental animals. Proven embryotoxic, fetotoxic, teratogenic. Causes health problems in residents of homes with treated wood. Exposed workers had leukocytosis, fatigue, irritation of mucous and oral cavity, chloracne and necrosis.

Environmental effects: Dangerous for the environment. Presents high persistence and bioaccumulation groundwater. Because of its high volatility and spreads mobility in the environment contaminating large areas. Aquatic animals are extremely sensitive to the effects of PCP. Highly toxic to mammals and birds.

Prohibited in: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Austria, India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Czechoslovakia, China, East Germany, West Germany, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, Liechtenstein, Panama, the former Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland.

Restricted: European Union, China, Argentina, Canada, Belize, Spain, USA, Netherlands, New Zealand, Venezuela, Yugoslavia.

No registration: Uruguay.

Included in the list ICP FAO / UNEP, 1997.

Pesticide application of severe restrictions

1. Azinphos methyl, organophosphorus insecticide, gastric and contact extremely toxic, LD50 oral and dermal l0 16.

Trade name: Gusathion M 35%, Azifon, Azinphos methyl 35, Cotnion, INIA 82, 4

Importers: Bayer, ANASAC, Mathiesen, Hoechst.

Weakness: l5 to 28 days.

Acute neurotoxicity. As organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibiting substance necessary for the functioning of the brain and nervous system. Cause of death: respiratory failure.

It is one of the highest-risk pesticides in Chile, according to records of reported acute poisonings.

Chronic effects: Toxic to the kidneys. Interferes with male and female fertility, Associate male fertility problems, producing atrophied testicles, abnormally small or birds. Causes malformations during pregnancy and is mutagenic.

Prohibited in: Bulgaria, India, Indonesia, the former Soviet Union.

2. Atrazine: herbicide triazine, root absorption, contact, slightly toxic, oral LD ​​4675 mg / kg and dermal 5,000.

Name: Anatrazina 500 F, Atranex 50 SC, 50 F Atrazine, Atrazine 500SC, Gesaprim 90WG.

Importers: Anasac, Agar Cross Andean Moviagro, Ciba Geigy.

Acute: Severe irritation of eyes.

Chronic Effects: Highly toxic. Laboratory studies have shown to cause alterations in the functions of the heart, liver and kidney. Interfere with the endocrine system causing reproductive problems. Problems associated with male fertility in rats interferes with the metabolism of testosterone ( hormone sexual) and mating in rats. Recent studies link it to human birth defects. Causes of breast cancer tumors in female rats and the testes in male rats. It has also been shown to be genotoxic in numerous laboratory studies. Other studies show an increased incidence of uterine cancer in animals and development of leukemia, lymphoma and mesotheliomas. In humans is associated with increased ovarian tumors, breast cancer and non-Hodgkin limphoma. Research conducted in Nebraska and Iowa indicate that communities that use water contaminated with atrazine have a greater incidence of births of babies with small legs and other congenital malformations. Considering the risks involved in long-term exposure to residues of triazines and their metabolites in water and food, the U.S. EPA in 1994 began a Special Review process.

Environmental effects: Atrazine and its metabolites (desisopropylatrazine, desethylatrazine and dialkylatrazine) are highly polluting the water. In Germany, Italy and other European countries has been forbidden to meet standards of the European Union drinking water.

Forbidden: Italy, Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, Austria, Hungary Severely restricted: United Kingdom.

3. Benomyl: Fungicide benzimidazole systemic effect slightly toxic to acute oral LD50 dermal 5,000 and 2,000.

Trade name: Benlate, Benex, Forlate, Polyban.

Importers: Castro Villaseca Anasac Cyanamid Agar Cross.

Normal: 1 to l0 days.

Acute Effects: Affects the central nervous system . Toxic to the liver. Cause allergies and irritations to the skin. Skin sensitization, rash, photoallergic reaction. It also causes eye problems. In February l988, 90 workers were poisoned by Benomyl Hill.

Chronic Effects: Highly toxic. Included in the report of the U.S. Academy of Sciences as one of the chemicals responsible l2 98% risk of cancer in that country. Studies in rats has been shown to be mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Environmental estrogen. It causes problems in the reproductive system of animals, reduces the weight of testes, sperm count and causes testicular degeneration in mice. In parts of New Zealand has been banned after the birth of malformed children of mothers exposed to the pesticide.

Environmental Effects: Reduces wildlife.

Restricted: Bulgaria.

4. Methyl bromide: bromide fumigant halogenated derivative, extremely toxic, LD 50 oral and dermal l00 2l.

Trade name: Bromopic 70, Methyl Bromide, 1000 Metabromo Importers: ANASAC, Bayer.

Lack: 2 to 5 days.

Acute effects: Neurotoxicity and in cases of severe intoxication, cerebral congestion with multiple bleeding associated with degenerative changes and necrosis. Eye irritation, blurred vision and retinal hemorrhages. Abdominal pain, stomach bleeding, severely affects kidneys and liver. In the respiratory system causes pulmonary edema, broconeumonia, congestion and hemorrhage. Cause of death: circulatory collapse.

Chronic effects: In laboratory studies can cause birth defects, reproductive problems, cancer, eye problems, immune system damage and disruption of the hormonal system. Provova degeneration of testes in rats and mice. In the area of ​​San Felipe was detected in l99l quantities of Methyl Bromide five times above normal in the blood of pregnant mothers and newborns.

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Altera
Bayer
BASF
DuPont
European Union
Environmental Effects: Causes local and global pollution. According to the UN, responsible for 5 to 10% of global ozone depletion. In the soil microflora and fauna destroyed, decreasing fertility, pollutes groundwater.

Prohibited in: Belize, Philippines.

Restricted in Mexico, Belgium, Finland, Malaysia, Netherlands.

5. CAPTAN: Fungicide phthalimide, contact, slightly toxic, with an oral LD50 of 9,000. Although not classified as an organochlorine has three chlorine atoms per molecule of pesticide.

Trade name: Dust Captan, Captan 80, Orthocide

Importers: Hoechst, Anasac, BASF, Castro Villaseca.

Normal: 1 to 30 days

Acute Effects: Low acute toxicity in humans, a skin irritant. For dermal route is three and a half times more toxic. In l988 in San Felipe, 24 workers had symptoms of poisoning due to use of Captan.

Chronic Effects: Extremely toxic. Altera liver and kidney functions can cause anemia and hypertension; Carcinogen. Officially considered a carcinogen by the California State government. Mutagenic, cause chromosome aberrations. Embryotoxic and teratogenic. Its chemical structure is similar to thaidomida.

Environmental effects, contaminating soil and groundwater is highly toxic to fish and affects frogs, birds and poultry. One of the most widely used fungicides in Chile, both for home and agricultural use.

Prohibited in: Finland. Some years ago the EPA began a campaign to ban in the U.S..

Restricted in Norway.

Denmark is included in the list of priority review for being placed on the list of hazardous materials, such as substance: Irritating to eyes, risk of permanent damage to health, allergy causes skin contact.

6. DIAZINON: organic phosphorus insecticide, highly hazardous by WHO, DML 300.

Trade Names: Basudin, Diazitol, diazoles.

Normal: 14 to 28 days.

Acute effects: inhibits cholinesterase substance the body needs to work the brain and nervous system. It can cause death from respiratory failure.

Chronic effects: Toxic to the kidneys, interfere with female fertility, fetotoxic, teratogenic (causes malformations during pregnancy), mutagenic. U.S. Questioned for its carcinogenic effects.

Environmental Effects: Reduces wildlife.

7. DICOFOL: Acaricide organochlorine contact with moderately toxic oral LD50 dermal 600 and 820.

Trade Names: dicofol, Kelthane

Importers: Hoechst, Rohm Haas

Weakness: 2 to l4 days

Acute effects: central nervous system stimulant. Cause of death: excessive nervous system stimulation, depression and eat later. In December l985 a child was killed and six children were hospitalized for poisoning Kelthane Lampa. In August 1994 an employee of the Port of San Antonio, filed a generalized myoclonic dystonia after accidental acute poisoning with pesticides Dicofol (Kelthane) and Diazinon.

Chronic Effects: It accumulates in adipose tissue, brain and liver. Toxic to the liver, kidneys and nervous system. Atherosclerosis and hypertension and causes severe injury to the skin. Carcinogenic, mutagenic and fetotoxic. Environmental estrogen, disrupting effects on the reproductive system and endocrine system. You can have effects on male and female fertility.

Environmental Effects: Highly polluting ecosystems. High bioaccumulation. Extreme toxicity to fish and crustaceans. In the carnivorous bird food causes infertility.

Prohibited in: Czechoslovakia, Lichtenstein, Singapore, Belize, USA.

Suspended in: Sweden since 1991 for environmental reasons.

Restricted: Guatemala, Honduras, Venezuela.

Reasons for regulatory action: products containing DDT bioaccumulation and persistence.

7. Methyl bromide: bromide fumigant halogenated derivative, acute Classification: Extremely toxic, LD 50 oral and dermal l00 2l.

Trade name: Bromopic 70, Methyl Bromide, 1000 Metabromo Importers: ANASAC, Bayer.

Lack: 2 to 5 days.

Acute effects: Neurotoxicity and in cases of severe intoxication, cerebral congestion with multiple bleeding associated with degenerative changes and necrosis. Eye irritation, blurred vision and retinal hemorrhages. Abdominal pain, stomach bleeding, severely affects kidneys and liver. In the respiratory system causes pulmonary edema, broconeumonia, congestion and hemorrhage. Cause of death: circulatory collapse.

Chronic effects: In laboratory studies can cause birth defects, reproductive problems, associated with male fertility problems, testicular degeneration in rats and mice. car shipping Cancer, eye problems, immune system damage and disruption of the hormonal system. In the area of ​​San Felipe was detected in l99l quantities of Methyl Bromide five times above normal in the blood of pregnant mothers and newborns.

Ecological Effects: Causes local and global pollution. According to the UN, responsible for 5 to 10% of global ozone depletion. In the soil microflora and fauna destroyed, decreasing fertility, pollutes groundwater.

Prohibited in: Belize, Philippines.

Restricted in: Belgium, Finland, Malaysia, Netherlands.

8. MANCOZEB: dithiocarbamate fungicide, contact. Mancozeb 80% PM.

Acute Toxicity Classification: IV slightly toxic, oral LD ​​6250 mg / kg and dermal 12,500 mg / kg

Trademarks: Mancozeb 800 WP, 200 Manzate City, Manzicarb.

Importers: Moviagro, Cyanamid Chile, Andina Agar Cross, BASF Chile.

Acute Effects: Moderately irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Can cause allergies. : Extremely toxic. Pesticide disturbing effect on the reproductive and endocrine systems. Problems associated with male fertility, increases the number of abnormal sperm in mice. Epidemiological studies on exposed populations have demonstrated a relationship between pesticide use and effects cacerígenos dithiocarbamates. The ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate as Mancozeb decomposes to form ethylene thiourea (ETU) in vivo, in the environment and during cooking of foods containing residues. The ETU is carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. In addition to antithyroid effect.

Prohibitions: Belize 1988. Product that produces disorders harmful.

13/9/90 Uruguay decreed by resolution suspending diticarbamatos records.

9. ENDOSULFAN: organochlorine insecticides,

Trade Names: Endosulfan 50 WP, Thiodan 50 WP, 50 WP Thionex.

Importers: Azufres Landia, Hoechst

Normal: 1 to 30 days.

Acute Effects: Highly toxic if swallowed, irritating to the skin, cause dizziness, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, nervousness, convulsions, slurred speech, pulmonary edema. It has no specific antidote. Very toxic to fish and certain species of birds. In Sudan in 1991, 350 people were poisoned by eating bread, corn flour was treated with endosulfan in 1983, 31 of them died.

Chronic Effects: There is evidence of carcinogenicity in animals, teratogenic and mutagenic potential, long-term damage to liver and kidney damage, memory loss and brain damage diffuse. Environmental estrogen. Endocrine disruptor and reproductive systems. Reduce the number of sperm, increase the number of abnormal sperm in mice, profound imbalance of sex hormones in male rat genitalia.

Environmental Effects: Increases resistance to pests. It is extremely toxic to fish and wildlife. It is persistent in the environment and produce acute poisoning in bees and birds.

Prohibited in: Belize, Philippines, Singapore, Colombia suspended in Sweden since 1995 by health and environmental reasons.

Restricted in Canada, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Venezuela, Yugoslavia.

10. Methamidophos: organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide, systemic and contact, highly toxic, oral LD50 of 25 to 33 and l83 dermal

Trade Names: Methamidophos 60SL, Monitor 600, LS 600 MTD, Stanza 600 LE, Tamaron 600

Importers: Castro Villaseca, BASF, Anasac, Azufres Landia, Bayer Deficiency: the l4 days

Acute Effects: Because of its high toxicity can be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It is one of the highest-risk pesticide in Chile, being the cause of the greater number of poisonings in 1996.

Chronic effects: In humans, similar to other highly hazardous organophosphate.

Environmental Effects: Causes residual effects in birds. Toxic to fish, bees and other wildlife. It also kills livestock forage ingested in treated fields.

Prohibited in: China, Britain, Sri Lanka.

Restricted: Bangladesh, India, United States. Included in the list of 1997 ICP

11. MONOCROTOPHOS: organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide, extremely toxic, systemic, it acts by contact and ingestion, with an oral LD50 and dermal l6 275.

Trade names Azodrin 40 SL, Azomark, Monochronic 40 EC, 40 Nuvacron SCW, Polytrin N 427 EC.

Importers: Shell (Cyanamid Chile), Hoechst, Ciba Geigy.

Weakness: 2l to 60 days

Acute Effects: Similar to other organophosphates.

Chronic Effects: Fetotoxicity, reduce fertility and is a weak mutagen. In addition to the effects that usually organophosphates, is well known that repeated inhalation or skin contact without showing symptoms can progressively increase susceptibility to poisoning by monocrotophos.

Environmental effects: Product dangerous. It is one of the most toxic pesticides to birds, causing significant impacts on wild bird populations. Studies in Argentinan use of 15,000 killed Swainson’s Hawk. After the ban deaths fell to zero.

Prohibited in: Argentina, China and the former Soviet Union.

Restricted: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Cancelled by producer (Dupont) in USA.

Included in list ICP 1997.

12. PERMETHRIN: Pyrethroid Insecticide, DML 430.

Trade names Ambush, Pounce.

Normal: 14 days.

Acute Effects: Alters the conduction of nerve impulses; discoordinados movements, tremors, convulsions clonicotónicas.

Chronic Effects: The Academy of Sciences it has been questioned for their carcinogenic properties. It can cause allergies and skin irritations. As synthetic pyrethroid is considered environmental estrogen. Interferes with hormonal processes in humans and animals. The application on the skin of laboratory animals causes liver damage in the central and peripheral nervous system. Embryotoxic effects in laboratory animals.

Environmental Effects: High environmental toxicity. Highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms. It is highly toxic to Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. Various arthropods are resistant to synthetic pyrethroids.

13. 2, 4 – D: systemic phenoxy herbicide.

Acute toxicity classification: slightly toxic, with oral LD50 dermal 500 and 800.

Trade names Hedonal, Arco, SuperBrush Killer, Esteron, Vence Weed.

Importers: Bayer, Anasac, Castro Villaseca, Dow Elanco

Deficiency: Not applicable

Acute effects: vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, sweating, loss of vision, memory and concentration, severe dermatitis. Neurotoxicity and toxic to liver and kidneys. Gastrointestinal irritant. Cause of death: ventricular fibrillation.

Chronic Effects: Highly toxic. Neurotoxin. It accumulates in adipose tissue, can inhibit immune function of the thymus. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with and astrocytomas. Depressant. It causes behavioral changes in rats. Laboratory studies have found mutagenic effects in microorganisms, plants, human and animal cells and in experimental animals. Possible teratogenic and fetotoxic. Regarded as endocrine disruptors and reproductive systems. Associated with male fertility problems; disminiye the number of sperm and their mobility increases the amount of abnormal sperm in exposed farmers, inhibits the synthesis of DNA (genetic material) in rat testes.

Environmental effects: Toxic to fish, insects, birds and wildlife in general, reducing their number and slowing the recovery rate.

Prohibited in: Colombia, Sweden (2, 4 – D) Belize (2, 4 – DB)

Restricted: Guatemala, the United States since 1967.

Meditation activates the benefit of certain brain areas
About half the time spent in wakefulness, ie despirtos, the brain is distracted , not focusing on anything in particular: although one might think that this is relaxing, there is evidence that the more you wander the brain, is less happy the person.

The sector that is activated in these moments ‘inactive’ is the Default Neural Network (DMN), which is known to be linked to attention deficit and anxiety disorders , among other problems.

Well, a recent study by Yale University has concluded that meditation is beneficial because it alters the area and improves the general, as it was found in a number of MRIs performed, and results were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences’.

In particular, we studied people who had the habit of meditating since about ten years ago and other, less expert in this practice . Explained according to the researchers focused on three types of meditation: concentration , which is to focus on breathing and the sensations in the body, causes, and the meditation of love / kindness , to evoke the feeling of desire to someone and use it for yourself – and that of CONSCIENCE no choice , which focus on calls that passes through the mind, without trying to change or think about anything else.

In any of these techniques, all meditators showed a decrease in the activity of the DMN and an increase in task-oriented Network (TPN) , which is what is put into operation when you want to achieve a goal.

But the most striking is that this effect was observed both during and after meditation, such as rest periods, suggesting that the experts ‘people who meditate for many years to develop a new neural network by default in the there is a greater awareness of oneself and the present and less dreamy ‘.

However, the researchers acknowledged that more studies are needed, as this study involved only 25 people (12 meditators and 13 non-experts). However, the authors of the work is considered useful to show that ‘Default Neural Network can be altered, which opens wide opportunities for research ‘.